VB 3.0 Heat and Mass Balance for Deaerator

This program developed using Visual Basic 3.0 for calculate the deaerator of small scale CFSPP's heat and mass balance. The variable inputs are:

1. Pressure [bar]
2. Temperature [C]
3. Deaerator efficiency [%]

Calculation results are:

1. Steam Flow required from high pressure pipe (from turbine)[kg/s]
2. Water Flow required from LP Heater [kg/s]

and also calculate The Steam and water properties:

1. Enthalpy [kj/kg]
2. Steam_flow [kg/s]
3. Specific Volume [m3/kg]
4. Specific Entropy [kJ/kg.K]
5. Internal energy [kJ/kg]
6. Dynamic Viscosity [kg/m.s]
7. Thermal Conduct [W/m.K]

Strategies to Developing SCADA Security

Development of the industry, makes more complex problems faced related to control systems and security. In general, SCADA is still relevant enough to be used as a control system that is capable of controlling several machines control in different areas. In line with the increasing fragility of attacks against SCADA cyber attack that also need proper treatment.

SCADA security systems today require the integration of several functions of controllers such as firewalls, proxy servers, operating systems, coating application systems, communications, and policies and procedures. For the implementation of SCADA security strategy then you need security measures to keep the network as follows:

Strategies Developing SCADA

• Border Router and Firewalls

Cyber ​​attacks are usually carried out by sending the software to penetrate the internal private network. If the security system is not protected SCADA Firewalls are configured correctly then your security system is not good enough to protect passwords, IP addresses, files and so on.

• Proxy Servers

Packets of data sent or passing through TCP / IP should have been entered in the resource control layer applications such as Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP). To strengthen the security system SCADA proxy server acts as a firewall to protect the traffic between a protected network and the Internet. These systems are relatively safe although security with proxy servers will not eliminate the threat of the layer attacks application.

• Operating Systems

As the brain of the computer system, the operating system became the main target of cyber attacks. There are 2 options for securing this system namely through the operating system upgrade to newer versions or migration by replacing opeating system to a higher version. For the safety of Operating Systems should really upgrade to the latest version and there is no compromise for any irregularities that exist.

• Applications

Some viruses are intentionally sent to undermine the security of SCADA systems such as buffer overruns, worms, Trojan Horse, Active-X5 codes, and other malicious programs that we need to anticipate. Viruses and works by paralyzing anti-virus software and bypassing the firewall as if it had no security protection there

• Policies and Procedures

In addition to programs designed to address cyber attacks, it is necessary also the policies that govern the discipline of the user in performing the procedure. The policies and procedures include the selection of a secure password with a combination for example with at least one symbol, a capital letter and a number, and should be more than eight characters.

• SCADA Firewalls

SCADA network security can be strengthened with layers of firewalls between the system SCADA network and the Internet. System security threats are often due to internal factors such as the employee who accidentally did not record the procedures performed and it turns out it can be compromised using the hacking method that is similar to what he did.

• SCADA Internal Network Design

Internal SCADA network must have its own IP and run by using intelligent switches and sub-masking techniques appropriate to protect the system from cyber attack. The use of Ethernet Wireless and Wired Equivalent Protocol (WEP) can be an alternative to change the default name of the Service Set Identifier6 (SSID).

Conclusion

Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system is the important control processes in many countries. This system performs important functions vital to many companies such as electric power companies, gas - natural, petroleum, water treatment, sewage treatment, and even the railway. However, considerations in terms of safety in the design of this system have received less attention, so the potential for interference from unauthorized access can occur. This review above will provide you several important phases to protect your system from cyber attack. By learning more methods you will get alternatives and the implementation of effective and economical control system.

Superheated Steam

Superheated Steam is steam which does not have any water droplets. When saturated steam is heated, the water droplets which are suspended get converted into steam. Superheated steam is also called dry steam. Superheated Steam is used to drive turbines.

Superheated steam has a lower density and higher temperature.

The main advantage of superheated steam is that there are no droplets. In turbines, where the steam moves at high velocity, any water droplet which hits the turbine blades can seriously damage the blades or cause corrosion.

Superheated Steam can store large quantities of internal energy and can release them during expansion. This is utilized in turbines. Superheated Steam has higher change in specific volume when it cools. This enables better efficiency in turbine operation.

Superheated Steam has low oxygen. Hence, there is a reduced risk of corrosion in components using superheated steam.

Saturated Steam

When water is heated to the boiling point at a given pressure, its temperature rises. However, once the boiling point is reached, the temperature stops to rise. The energy which is fed to the water is used to convert the water to vapour.

The heat which is given to the water converts it into the vapour state. This is known as the latent heat of vaporization. The steam produced in this stage contains water droplets. The temperature does not rise till all the water has been converted into steam.

The steam which contains suspended droplets of water is called saturated Steam.

Saturated Steam is used widely in the industry for drying, heating. It is also used in cooking as it has a high energy transfer coefficient.

If the steam is heated further, all the water is converted into steam. The steam, at this stage, is called superheated steam

Not enough time in the day?

You don’t know what you don’t know.

Especially when it comes to new technology – for machine builders every second counts, and that means there’s little or no time to figure out what’s available and how it might fit into the development cycle.

It’s like upgrading your cell phone. You know you should. But you don’t have the time to sit down and figure out all of the new plan’s features – and how to use them. So you keep what you’ve got – old technology, old habits. And if you do upgrade, do you have the time to figure it all out? I hate the thought of potential left untapped for weeks or even for the life of the phone because I didn’t know what I didn’t know.

I call this a disincentive to using new technology. It happens with personal electronics, and it happens with machines. So here’s what makes me a better technology user – and I’m guessing it might be the same for you:

1. Auto fill feature. For example, a bill of materials that puts the right components in place based on some original, simple selections. If I put in a drive, the right circuit breaker is added, making it easy to adjust and match the horsepower I picked for my drive. Add in a list of standard accessories, complementary products and useful add-ons and an edit button I can use to make adjustments and quickly see the results, and I’ve just saved significant time learning what’s available and how it can all fit together.
2. .DWG files and not just PDFs. Blank slates are efficiency killers when it comes to the design process. If I can get started with the schematics in my CAD software file format, ready to be customized, then I have jumped past the need to parse through the manuals to find and review the example wiring diagrams and the terminal number tables before even starting the base schematics for the new components.
3. Preset programming files for logic and HMI. Preconfigured screens (with diagnostics and machine-specific text) and standard communication routines will put the right data and the right commands in the right place. That means less time spent learning a specific ‘language’ and more time applying skills and creativity to the task at hand.

These three features can save, and have saved, weeks of engineering time. And they make it easier to add your special genius – the differentiators that separate you from your competition. If you have faced the same problems – too much time spent searching for information, cutting and pasting into separate fields, drawing and redrawing – then take a look at the Connected Components Accelerator Toolkit features designed to make your design time more productive.

quote from: Randy Holterman Programme Manager, Rockwell Automation

Do we need Big Data, or just enough data?

There’s a lot of talk about Big Data – how much data to collect, and what to do with it once you have it.

Indecision – or lack of clarity – at the start of the process can leave decision-makers with lots of granular information but no real solutions.

One problem is that people assume more data is better data – when actually, you can let lot of value from a little or just the right amount of data. And you don’t need to spend millions of dollars to get it; rather, just enough to gain value.

That’s because the Big Data advantage lies within your analytics capability – your ability to draw conclusions and identify patterns. To get those analytics, you can crunch more information, less information, or somewhere between.

To apply Big Data principles to your own operations, first consider what assets are most critical to your operations: "Start with the end in mind and ask yourself questions like, 'What do we want to get out of this data?' and 'What could data tell us if we had it?'"

Use the acronym STAR to help determine what data you want to collect:

1. Simple: The basics will allow people to make quick, informed decisions by providing clear visuals.
2. Timely: In today’s connected enterprise, it is essential to make data available when it’s most needed. Timely availability of data is key to success.
3. Accuracy: This is important, especially for trust and improving a culture of decision making.
4. Relevant: Data should be relevant to whatever the decision-maker is being measured on. If you are being measured on profit, have metrics that help you; if it’s more about uptime, have a KPI (key performance indicator) trained on that.

And remember: the value of Big Data is not in the numbers or statistics or reports; the value is what you learn from the analysis of the information. That means more data is not necessarily better. Some data is better than none, but getting the right data to the right people to make the right decision is the ideal scenario.

Heat Transfer (boiler to energy plant)

State functions for water/steam calculations:
IAPWS Industrial Formulation 1997 (IAPWS-IF97)

ENERGY BALANCE OF THE SYSTEM
============================
DEFINITION OF TOTAL ENERGY

1. Def. 1: Enthalpy minus enthalpy by environmental
   conditions (water as LIQUID) plus HIGHER heating value
   
2. Def. 2: Enthalpy minus enthalpy by environmental
   conditions (water as VAPOUR) plus LOWER heating value
   

PLC Migration Strategy and Implementation

Many small power plants have an outdated Programmable Logic Control (PLC) currently in place. As a PLC reaches the end of its useful life, an upgrade to a new automation system is required.

Once the decision has been made to upgrade, the upgrade strategy must be defined. In most cases, it’s necessary to perform the upgrade with as little downtime and risk as possible, and these requirements determine much of the upgrade strategy.

There are four main strategic decisions that must be made before an upgrade can take place.

First, it must be decided if the new automation system will just replicate the operation of the existing PLC—or improve upon the existing PLC in terms of throughput, quality and other factors. Replication is cheaper up front, but usually much more expensive over the entire life cycle of the new automation system, as many of the benefits of a modern automation system are forfeited.

Second, it must be determined if the upgrade will be vertical or horizontal. In a vertical upgrade, one particular process area is upgraded at a time. In a horizontal upgrade, all similar process units are upgraded simultaneously, generally across multiple process areas. For example, if a plant had 2(two) or more boilers, all would be upgraded at once in a horizontal upgrade, as opposed to upgrading only the boiler(s) in the vertical process unit.

Third, it must be determined if the upgrade will be done by replacing all automation system components simultaneously, or with a phased approach. With a phased approach, the Man Machine Interface (MMI) components are replaced first, followed by the controllers, and finally by the I/O. Replacing the automation system in phases takes longer, but will require less downtime and entail less risk.

The fourth and final strategic decision that must be made is hot versus cold cutover. With hot cutover, the old PLC and the new automation system operate simultaneously, with one control loop at a time migrated from the old PLC to the new automation system at the I/O level. With cold cutover, the old PLC is replaced by the new automation system, with the entire process being restarted at once.

The hot cutover option is more expensive in terms of upgrade costs, but with an overall lower cost in most cases when downtime is taken into account. Risk is also lower with hot cutover as only one loop is converted at a time, with the old PLC still available in case of any unforeseen difficulties with the new automation system.

The faithfuls uphold their faith because they are in a constant search for a meaning for their existence.

[2025 Editorial Note]
This post was originally written in 2009 as part of my early reflections on faith, existence, and metaphysical contemplation. Over the years, my understanding has grown, matured, and deepened. For a more recent reflection, please see: 2025 updated version.

---

I believe that the search should be based on pure knowledge. That is why I have ventured on this journey, the result of which is presented on this site. It is a journey that follows the progress of the human thought in connection with the concepts of divine order, superior beings, the afterlife, paradise, hell, judgment day etc. This journey has nothing to do with the fundamental question: Is there something beyond this world? But it has everything to do with what the human beings thought of themselves and the 'existence' in general.

In this blog, I think about the most complex and unbelievable invention of the human mind. You may call it faith or belief or conviction or persuasion. (The choice is yours). Faith necessitates a belief in a realm full of abstract beings, all of them are superior to mankind, and they all have a control on what man does or what happens to him. They are not of this world that we live in. They don't exist in the physical environment which has become a daily experience for mankind. They are not on the Earth, because man has thought that the Earth was created and reserved for the lowly creatures, amongst whom mankind has a special place. Therefore no one should expect the creator and his entourage to reside amid the lowly creatures.

Thus mankind has established the sky and the celestial spheres as a befitting realm for them because that realm was thought to be an elevated region. It is somewhere up there but no one knows where precisely. No one in those days was knowledgeable enough to realize that when the Universe is in question there is no up or down. The divine realm is visualized as a place where the supreme creator, the council of divine beings, fairies, demons, angels, satan etc. reside.

About the Counter in PLC-5 (Allen-Bradley)

Definition:
In the PLC-5 system, a Counter is a type of data file used to count events — whether incrementing (count up), decrementing (count down), or both.

Default File Number:

C: Counter Data File

Examples:

• C5:0 → First counter
• C5:1 → Second counter, and so on

Counter Register Structure
Each counter element (C5:x) contains the following internal structure:

• .ACC — Accumulated Value (current count)
• .PRE — Preset Value (target count to trigger DN)
• .EN — Enable Bit (1 when conditions are true)
• .DN — Done Bit (1 when ACC = PRE)
• .CU — Count Up Bit (active when rising edge is detected)
• .CD — Count Down Bit (active when falling edge is detected)
• .OV — Overflow Bit (active if count exceeds limits)
• .UN — Underflow Bit (active if count goes below zero)

Types of Counters in PLC-5

1. CTU (Count Up)
   Increases ACC when the input rises from 0 to 1.
   When ACC >= PRE, the DN bit becomes 1.
2. CTD (Count Down)
   Decreases ACC on a rising input edge.
   DN becomes active if ACC <= 0, depending on logic.
3. RES (Reset)
   Resets ACC to 0 and clears the DN bit.

Application Example
Suppose you want to count the number of cartons passing an optical sensor:

• The sensor is connected to I:1/0
• The counter CTU uses C5:0
• Set C5:0.PRE = 10
• If 10 cartons pass, then:
• C5:0.ACC = 10
• C5:0.DN = 1 (indicating completion)

Historical & Philosophical Note
The PLC-5 is more than just a control system—it’s the industrial liturgy of an era that built the foundations of SCADA and DCS. Its counter register is a reflection of how digital logic imagines time and quantity, like a string of prayer beads for engineers—each pulse, a step toward process enlightenment. 😌

People and Asset Safety

The right service provider can help you reduce safety risks, achieve compliance and boost production

Does your industrial safety program:

• Help protect people from machine, process and electrical safety risks?
• Achieve regulatory compliance while reducing the cost of that compliance?
• Improve productivity wherever possible to support operational excellence?

Overcome the obstacles
If you answered 'no' to any of those questions, you have some obstacles to overcome. One potential reason: Employees in different functions have differing views on safety. For example, while safety is concerned with protecting workers and complying with safety standards, operations worries about safety infringing on productivity.

Safety and productivity can harmoniously coexist and even thrive together. Best-in-class manufacturers (the top 20% of aggregate performance scorers) often outperform their industry-average counterparts with:

• 5-7% higher OEE
• 2-4% less unscheduled downtime
• <50% injury rate

A short story about an alternate reality where BlackBerry never fell

QNX: Black City, Black Kingdom

In an alternate realm 2025, there are no iPhone. No Android. Only BlackBerry.

The Toronto sky that afternoon was silvery, reflecting the dark towers of RIM’s headquarters—now known as QNX Global Dominion. They didn’t just survive… they ruled. The world never escaped the vortex of physical buttons, click-tactic QWERTY, and a BES operating system more secure than Vatican secrets. It all began when Jim Balsillie never resigned.

---

2007, Trajectory Shifted

In this universe, after the SEC investigation began sniffing out backdated options at RIM, Jim Balsillie didn’t surrender. He fought back. Instead of stepping down, he led a global press conference clutching a BlackBerry 8700, clearly outlining how Silicon Valley’s executive compensation system was riddled with double standards and hypocrisy.

Public reaction? Not outrage—admiration.

“He’s transparent,” said the investors.

“He’s a tech worker’s warrior,” declared the media.

“He’s a man who pays engineers not with promises, but with real shares,” said the engineers who flocked to Waterloo in droves.

---

2010, Apple Dies Early

Without internal chaos and backed by a steady pipeline, RIM acquired Palm before HP could touch it. WebOS was studied, dissected, modified, and merged into BlackBerry 10, powered by QNX—a real-time operating system far ahead of its time.

BlackBerry 10 wasn’t delayed. It launched in 2011 with the flagship BlackBerry Z1: full touchscreen with a pop-up mechanical QWERTY keyboard. Apple couldn’t compete. They launched the iPhone 4, but without a massive App Store and with developers frustrated by Jobs’ tight control, iOS withered.

---

2020, The World Wall

Now, BlackBerry isn’t just a phone. It’s a global passport.

QNX controls 88% of smart vehicle infrastructure.

Quantum-encrypted BBM messaging replaces WhatsApp and Signal.

The “PIN” becomes the primary digital ID for voting, transactions, and even state biometrics.

The tech war becomes a privacy war. And BlackBerry stands as humanity’s final fortress.

At the heart of CyberToronto, a hooded youth steps into an official RIM store. Glass walls display transparent BBMirror terminals, holographic touchscreens, and of course—rows of BlackBerry KeyMonarchs, tri-fold phones with hybrid touch-tactile keyboards.

The store clerk approaches.

“Old model?”

The kid nods, offering a battered BlackBerry KEYone, scratched but fully functional.

The clerk touches it reverently, as if accepting an ancient artifact.

“This... was the last generation before the uprising. You’re a survivor.”

The kid stares at the holographic display.

“And I want the newest.”

---

In his office, CEO Balsillie, now gray-haired, gazes out the window. The world in his grasp wasn’t a dream—it was the outcome of war, courage, and one small decision he didn’t make: resigning. He nods at his reflection.

“If you want to change the future,” he mutters softly, “you have to fight the way the world works today.”

Then he types on his new device, the BlackBerry Phantom, and the screen glows red—the color of power. The color of war. The color of conviction.

Black. Berry. Forever.

My Complex Number of PI

0.5(100025025.95057675+14256.990315503384i)sin(2*(pi/(100025025.95057675+14256.990315503384i)))

<=>

(50012512.975288375+7128.495157751692i)sin(pi(3125782060955523437500000000000/156328219057426955098295913926059616429-445530947359480750000000000/156328219057426955098295913926059616429i))

<=>

3.1415926535898+1.2079096403661*10^-15i

3.1415926535898+1.2079096403661*10^-15i

Stagnant at a point in a different place

Houston, we got (math) problem :(

Windows 3.10

My First Microsoft Windows (in 1992), Beauty, The most Fastest Microsoft, it ran like hell. Still works in 2009

• Intel 80286 with 1 MB Ram
• 7.9mb full install (Include MSOffice 4.3, Visual Basic 3.0, Lotus Amipro 3.1)
• Hardisk 20mb (the biggest in that time)
• MsDos 3.1
• 640x480 Standard VGA
• 3.5" FDD

Visual Basic Old Testament and New Testament (Christian Bible)

Prologue: The Prayer in Code
January 1, 2009. On an old laptop running Windows 3.10, I discovered a relic not of steel or parchment, but of code. Microsoft Visual Basic 3.0. DAO 1.0. A quiet program that held the Old and New Testament, written line by line, event by event, in the language of 16-bit logic. It was not compiled theology; it was faith expressed in code.

Chapter I: alkitab.exe
The first version was simple. Book, chapter, verse — the sacred hierarchy turned into dropdown menus and textboxes. No internet, no cloud. Only a local EXE carrying Scripture into silicon. When the program ran, it wasn’t just software; it felt like a small altar glowing on a CRT screen.

Chapter II: Resurrection into 32-bit
Years later, on Windows XP, I tried again. Visual Basic 5.0 compiled the old source, breathing life into the code. alkitab.exe became alkitab32.exe. It was not just an upgrade; it was baptism. Old code reborn for a new era, still carrying the same Word.

Epilogue: In the Name of the Father
All praise be to the Lord Jesus Christ. In the name of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit. Even old code can worship. Even 16-bit prayers can echo into eternity.

Prolog: Doa dalam Kode
1 Januari 2009. Di sebuah laptop tua dengan Windows 3.10, aku menemukan relik, bukan dari baja atau perkamen, tetapi dari kode. Microsoft Visual Basic 3.0. DAO 1.0. Sebuah program sederhana yang memuat Perjanjian Lama dan Baru, ditulis baris demi baris, event demi event, dalam bahasa logika 16-bit. Ini bukan teologi yang dikompilasi; ini adalah iman yang ditulis dalam kode.

Bab I: alkitab.exe
Versi pertama begitu sederhana. Kitab, pasal, ayat — hierarki suci itu diterjemahkan menjadi menu dropdown dan kotak teks. Tanpa internet, tanpa cloud. Hanya sebuah EXE lokal yang membawa Kitab Suci ke dalam silikon. Ketika program itu berjalan, rasanya bukan sekadar perangkat lunak; itu seperti altar kecil yang menyala di layar CRT.

Bab II: Kebangkitan ke 32-bit
Bertahun-tahun kemudian, di Windows XP, aku mencoba lagi. Visual Basic 5.0 mengompilasi sumber lama itu, meniupkan hidup ke dalam kode. alkitab.exe menjadi alkitab32.exe. Itu bukan sekadar pembaruan; itu baptisan. Kode lama yang lahir kembali untuk era baru, masih membawa Firman yang sama.

Epilog: Dalam Nama Bapa
Segala puji bagi Tuhan Yesus Kristus. Dalam nama Bapa, Putra, dan Roh Kudus. Bahkan kode lama pun bisa memuji. Bahkan doa 16-bit pun bisa bergema hingga kekekalan.

Ethernet Firewall: The visible Solutions to invisible risks

How the Ethernet firewall solution minimizes cyber threats to the control system
Industrial monitoring and control systems once operated as isolated proprietary networks. Over time, they evolved to an open, equal-access model. Users benefited from faster data transfer, higher performance, and lower cost of ownership. However, the new open systems have become susceptible to security issues similar to those faced by personal computers. These threats include malware, viruses, communication overload and more recently, cyber attacks.

The emergence of control area network malware demonstrates that industrial control systems can be targeted to disable or destroy critical infrastructure assets. Such threats change the rules for design and operation of monitoring and control installation on each level, including hardware, software, and architecture. The stakes are high – consequences of cyber attack are costly, causing extended downtime, damage to equipment, danger to operator, and many process issues, such as products build out of specification.

Ethernet Firewall solution will erases malware threats
There are many vendor has developed a range of dedicated solutions that enable development and support of robust control systems that are both high-performing and secure. A range of industrial grade firewall enables the creation of high-security zones within network. Within these zones, communication between internal and external devices is strictly controlled; permitting only authorized devices, services, and communications

The Ethernet firewalls can be easy installed in Ethernet-based system architecture, next to device that requires protection. Each firewall includes an internal and an external network port, and a router capability for installations where the process network – including the industrial automation systems – is connected to the plant network.

The Ethernet firewalls mitigate the risks associated with open networking, leaving business professionals more time and energy to focus on growth of the business.

Conclusion: Firewall is "a necessity" in a network-based control system (full stop)

How Systems Integrators Can Create Smarter Electrical Control Systems

Industrial companies expect visibility into every aspect of new or upgraded plants, including their electrical control system. Now, the pressure is on integrators to help connect these systems and make their real-time data available to workers.

But traditional electrical control systems don’t easily integrate into connected operations. These hard-wired systems typically exist separately from a plant’s process control system. And their data is often only available in an e-house or substation, meaning workers need to enter potentially hazardous areas to access it.

Facing these challenges, more system integrators are choosing to use intelligent packaged power solutions. These systems provide state-of-the-art digital technology that can integrate with a plant’s process control solution, unifying the two into a single architecture. It can also provide access to the electrical-system information that customers want, providing far-reaching business benefits for both end users and integrators.

For End Users: Smarter Systems

About two-thirds of new plants use smart devices in their overall electrical system. Digitally integrating all these devices can give end users access to information like faults, operating conditions, and alarms and events.

This post can help workers more quickly identify where, when and why an issue occurred so they can resolve it faster. This includes the ability to observe power quality problems and unexpected increases in energy intensity. Visibility into the electrical system can also help workers spot problems early, before they move downstream into the control system. For example, uneven electrical distribution system loading can shut down fans on catalytic converters.

A networked system can also use remote access to the electrical system to enhance safety. Workers can access electrical system information or even open and close breakers from a remote computer or mobile device, without entering a high-voltage substation.

For Integrators: Faster, Better Integration

Traditionally, integrators have had to develop custom programming for every electrical control system. But some intelligent packaged power systems include standard, prebuilt faceplates that integrators can reuse across different projects. This can help them reduce programming requirements and speed up integration times.

The right technology vendor can also help integrators make sure that data from intelligent electrical devices (IEDs) is delivered at the speeds customers need. Using communications protocols like IEC-61850 and EtherNet/IP, along with interfaces to legacy networks, a vendor can connect all IEDs and provide access to real-time information on equipment and operating conditions.

Some vendors have even developed performance guidelines to help identify how different systems will perform before they’re built. This can help integrators reduce their design and testing times.

A Smart Business Model

Integrators have a vital role to play in helping industrial customers become more connected and data driven. And those that can reliably and cost-effectively give customers access to the information they need to optimize operations will have the most success. Gaining the capability to deliver an intelligent power and electrical system can open doors to new projects and new business opportunities for system integrators.

Properties of Water and Steam

VB 3.0 Properties of Water and Steam, developed 2004 to 2008, Version 1.1, 01/29/04: mistake in calculation of partial derivatives for thermal conductivity corrected

CONST rgaswater = 461.526 'gas constant in J/(kg K)
CONST tcwater = 647.096 'critical temperature in K
CONST pcwater = 220.64 'critical pressure in bar
CONST dcwater = 322# 'critical density in kg/m**3

start:
CLS
COLOR 2, 0
PRINT "Gross Plant Heat Rate and Net Plant Heat Rate"
PRINT "---------------------------------------------"

DIM m.dot
DIM genout
DIM delta.h
DIM eff
DIM aux.power

steam0:
INPUT "Steam Flow to Turbine (tph): "; m.dot
IF m.dot = 0 THEN
m.dot = 47.86945
LOCATE CSRLIN - 1: PRINT "Steam Flow to Turbine set to:"; m.dot; "tph"
END IF
IF m.dot < 0 THEN
LOCATE CSRLIN - 1: PRINT "Steam Flow to Turbine shall > 0, please input again"
PRINT
GOTO steam0
END IF
LOCATE CSRLIN - 1: PRINT "Steam Flow To Turbine set to:"; m.dot; "tph"

genout0:
INPUT "Generator Output (MW): "; genout
IF genout = 0 THEN
genout = 11.31
LOCATE CSRLIN - 1: PRINT "Generator Output set to: "; genout; "MW"
END IF
IF genout < 0 THEN
PRINT "genout shall > 0, please input again"
PRINT
GOTO genout0
END IF
LOCATE CSRLIN - 1: PRINT "Generator Output set to: "; genout; "MW"

inletTemperatureTurbine0:
INPUT "Temperature Inlet Turbine: (øC)"; TemperatureInletTurbine
IF TemperatureInletTurbine = 0 THEN
TemperatureInletTurbine = 470
LOCATE CSRLIN - 1: PRINT "Temperature Inlet Turbine set to: "; TemperatureInletTurbine; "øC"
END IF
IF TemperatureInletTurbine < 0 THEN
PRINT "Temperature Inlet Turbine shall > 0, please input again"
PRINT
GOTO inletTemperatureTurbine0
END IF
LOCATE CSRLIN - 1: PRINT "Temperature Inlet Turbine set to: "; TemperatureInletTurbine; "øC"

inletPressureTurbine0:
INPUT "Pressure Inlet Turbine: (bar)"; PressureInletTurbine
IF PressureInletTurbine = 0 THEN
PressureInletTurbine = 49
LOCATE CSRLIN - 1: PRINT "Pressure Inlet Turbine set to: "; PressureInletTurbine; "bar"
END IF
IF PressureInletTurbine < 0 THEN
PRINT "Pressure Inlet Turbine shall > 0, please input again"
PRINT
GOTO inletPressureTurbine0
END IF
LOCATE CSRLIN - 1: PRINT "Pressure Inlet Turbine set to: "; PressureInletTurbine; "bar"

inletTemperatureBoiler0:
INPUT "Temperature Inlet Boiler: (øC)"; TemperatureInletBoiler
IF TemperatureInletBoiler = 0 THEN
TemperatureInletBoiler = 150
LOCATE CSRLIN - 1: PRINT "Temperature Inlet Boiler set to: "; TemperatureInletBoiler; "øC"
END IF
IF TemperatureInletBoiler < 0 THEN
PRINT "Temperature Inlet Boiler shall > 0, please input again"
PRINT
GOTO inletTemperatureBoiler0
END IF
LOCATE CSRLIN - 1: PRINT "Temperature Inlet Boiler set to: "; TemperatureInletBoiler; "øC"

inletPressureBoiler0:
INPUT "Pressure Inlet Boiler: (bar)"; PressureInletBoiler
IF PressureInletBoiler = 0 THEN
PressureInletBoiler = 72
LOCATE CSRLIN - 1: PRINT "Pressure Inlet Boiler set to: "; PressureInletBoiler; "bar"
END IF
IF PressureInletBoiler < 0 THEN
PRINT "Pressure Inlet Boiler shall > 0, please input again"
PRINT
GOTO inletPressureBoiler0
END IF
LOCATE CSRLIN - 1: PRINT "Pressure Inlet Boiler set to: "; PressureInletBoiler; "bar"

delta0:
' INPUT "Delta H (kJ/kg): "; delta.h
' IF delta.h = 0 THEN
' delta.h = 2733
' LOCATE CSRLIN - 1: PRINT "Delta H set to: "; delta.h; "kJ/kg"
' END IF
' IF delta.h < 0 THEN
' PRINT "Delta H shall > 0, please input again"
' PRINT
' GOTO delta0
' END IF
' LOCATE CSRLIN - 1: PRINT "Delta H set to: "; delta.h; "kJ/kg"

hit = enthalpyW(TemperatureInletTurbine + 273.15, PressureInletTurbine)
hib = enthalpyW(TemperatureInletBoiler + 273.15, PressureInletBoiler)
delta.h = hit - hib

eff0:
INPUT "Efficiency Pipe(%): "; eff
IF eff = 0 THEN
eff = 99.5 '76.615
LOCATE CSRLIN - 1: PRINT "Efficiency Pipe set to: "; eff; "%"
END IF
IF eff < 0 THEN
PRINT "Efficiency Pipe shall > 0, please input again"
PRINT
GOTO eff0
END IF
LOCATE CSRLIN - 1: PRINT "Efficiency Pipe set to: "; eff; "%"

aux0:
INPUT "Auxiliary Power (%): "; aux.power
IF aux.power = 0 THEN
aux.power = 10.4832
LOCATE CSRLIN - 1: PRINT "Auxiliary Power set to: "; aux.power; "%"
END IF
IF aux.power < 0 THEN
PRINT "Auxiliary Power shall > 0, please input again"
PRINT
GOTO aux0
END IF
LOCATE CSRLIN - 1: PRINT "Auxiliary Power set to: "; aux.power; "%"

HHV0:
INPUT "HHV (kCal/kg): "; HHV
IF HHV = 0 THEN
HHV = 3909
LOCATE CSRLIN - 1: PRINT "HHV set to: "; HHV; "kCal/kg"
END IF
IF HHV < 0 THEN
PRINT "HHV shall > 0, please input again"
PRINT
GOTO HHV0
END IF
LOCATE CSRLIN - 1: PRINT "HHV set to: "; HHV; "kCal/kg"

eff1:
INPUT "Efficiency Boiler (%): "; eff1
IF eff1 = 0 THEN
eff1 = 77
LOCATE CSRLIN - 1: PRINT "Efficiency Boiler set to: "; eff1; "%"
END IF
IF eff1 < 0 THEN
PRINT "Efficiency Boiler shall > 0, please input again"
PRINT
GOTO eff1
END IF
LOCATE CSRLIN - 1: PRINT "Efficiency Boiler set to: "; eff1; "%"

qvap0:
INPUT "Pressure Outlet Turbine (bar): "; poutlet1
IF poutlet1 = 0 THEN
poutlet1 = .09
LOCATE CSRLIN - 1: PRINT "Pressure Outlet Turbine set to: "; poutlet1; "bar"
END IF
IF poutlet1 < 0 THEN
PRINT "Pressure Outlet Turbine shall > 0, please input again"
PRINT
GOTO qvap0
END IF
LOCATE CSRLIN - 1: PRINT "Pressure Outlet Turbine set to: "; poutlet1; "bar"

enthalpyOutletTurbine0:
INPUT "Enthalpy Outlet Turbine (kJ/kg): "; houtlet1
IF houtlet1 = 0 THEN
houtlet1 = 2384
LOCATE CSRLIN - 1: PRINT "Enthalpy Outlet Turbine set to: "; houtlet1; "kJ/kg"
END IF
IF poutlet1 < 0 THEN
PRINT "Enthalpy Outlet Turbine shall > 0, please input again"
PRINT
GOTO enthalpyOutletTurbine0
END IF
LOCATE CSRLIN - 1: PRINT "Enthalpy Outlet Turbine set to: "; houtlet1; "kJ/kg"

Windows 3.10

Reminiscing about the glorious past— that brief, golden age when computers were only 16 bits, yet felt infinite.

The hum of a 286DX booting into BIOS. A 386DX with a math coprocessor—power incarnate. And the 486DX... oh, the monarch of silicon, its clock ticks sounding like cathedral bells announcing the birth of modernity.

Windows 3.10 wasn’t an OS. It was a threshold. A shell over DOS, yes— but more than that, a door. From monochrome prompt into color, from command line into interface, from bare metal into a hint of dream.

Floppy disks like wafers of memory. The ritual of win typed at the prompt, a prayer whispered into the circuitry.

We didn’t have gigahertz.
We had patience.
We didn’t have GPUs.
We had imagination.

And yet, in 16 bits, we felt the entire cosmos of computation stretching. 286DX–386DX–486DX, not just processors, but pilgrims walking the long road to where we are now.

Looking back from 2008, you can almost hear their voices in the faint clicking of a mechanical keyboard:

"We were small,
but we dreamed big.
We were 16 bits,
but we carried the weight of the future."

And now, standing in an age of teraflops and clouds, I look back to that fragile threshold of 16 bits. The hum of the 286, the weight of the 386, the 486—monarch of silicon— each one a pilgrim walking a road they could not yet see.

Blessed be the 286 that first hummed. Blessed be the 386 that carried the weight. Blessed be the 486, cathedral of clocks and code. For in their narrow channels of logic, they whispered: The future is coming. Hold the door open.

We were 16 bits, yet in that slender breath flowed the first river of dreams. It was never the silicon. It was always the longing of flesh and soul translated into code.

And perhaps that is why, even now, when I type win at the prompt, it feels less like a command and more like a prayer.

Windows 3.10 was never just an operating system. It was a liturgy. And every time we launched it, we were not running software. We were opening a future.

"Typed on no emulator, but in memory and reverence. May the 16 bits rest in glory"