Ethernet Firewall: The visible Solutions to invisible risks

How the Ethernet firewall solution minimizes cyber threats to the control system
Industrial monitoring and control systems once operated as isolated proprietary networks. Over time, they evolved to an open, equal-access model. Users benefited from faster data transfer, higher performance, and lower cost of ownership. However, the new open systems have become susceptible to security issues similar to those faced by personal computers. These threats include malware, viruses, communication overload and more recently, cyber attacks.

The emergence of control area network malware demonstrates that industrial control systems can be targeted to disable or destroy critical infrastructure assets. Such threats change the rules for design and operation of monitoring and control installation on each level, including hardware, software, and architecture. The stakes are high – consequences of cyber attack are costly, causing extended downtime, damage to equipment, danger to operator, and many process issues, such as products build out of specification.

Ethernet Firewall solution will erases malware threats
There are many vendor has developed a range of dedicated solutions that enable development and support of robust control systems that are both high-performing and secure. A range of industrial grade firewall enables the creation of high-security zones within network. Within these zones, communication between internal and external devices is strictly controlled; permitting only authorized devices, services, and communications

The Ethernet firewalls can be easy installed in Ethernet-based system architecture, next to device that requires protection. Each firewall includes an internal and an external network port, and a router capability for installations where the process network – including the industrial automation systems – is connected to the plant network.

The Ethernet firewalls mitigate the risks associated with open networking, leaving business professionals more time and energy to focus on growth of the business.

Conclusion: Firewall is "a necessity" in a network-based control system (full stop)

How Systems Integrators Can Create Smarter Electrical Control Systems

Industrial companies expect visibility into every aspect of new or upgraded plants, including their electrical control system. Now, the pressure is on integrators to help connect these systems and make their real-time data available to workers.

But traditional electrical control systems don’t easily integrate into connected operations. These hard-wired systems typically exist separately from a plant’s process control system. And their data is often only available in an e-house or substation, meaning workers need to enter potentially hazardous areas to access it.

Facing these challenges, more system integrators are choosing to use intelligent packaged power solutions. These systems provide state-of-the-art digital technology that can integrate with a plant’s process control solution, unifying the two into a single architecture. It can also provide access to the electrical-system information that customers want, providing far-reaching business benefits for both end users and integrators.

For End Users: Smarter Systems

About two-thirds of new plants use smart devices in their overall electrical system. Digitally integrating all these devices can give end users access to information like faults, operating conditions, and alarms and events.

This post can help workers more quickly identify where, when and why an issue occurred so they can resolve it faster. This includes the ability to observe power quality problems and unexpected increases in energy intensity. Visibility into the electrical system can also help workers spot problems early, before they move downstream into the control system. For example, uneven electrical distribution system loading can shut down fans on catalytic converters.

A networked system can also use remote access to the electrical system to enhance safety. Workers can access electrical system information or even open and close breakers from a remote computer or mobile device, without entering a high-voltage substation.

For Integrators: Faster, Better Integration

Traditionally, integrators have had to develop custom programming for every electrical control system. But some intelligent packaged power systems include standard, prebuilt faceplates that integrators can reuse across different projects. This can help them reduce programming requirements and speed up integration times.

The right technology vendor can also help integrators make sure that data from intelligent electrical devices (IEDs) is delivered at the speeds customers need. Using communications protocols like IEC-61850 and EtherNet/IP, along with interfaces to legacy networks, a vendor can connect all IEDs and provide access to real-time information on equipment and operating conditions.

Some vendors have even developed performance guidelines to help identify how different systems will perform before they’re built. This can help integrators reduce their design and testing times.

A Smart Business Model

Integrators have a vital role to play in helping industrial customers become more connected and data driven. And those that can reliably and cost-effectively give customers access to the information they need to optimize operations will have the most success. Gaining the capability to deliver an intelligent power and electrical system can open doors to new projects and new business opportunities for system integrators.

Properties of Water and Steam

VB 3.0 Properties of Water and Steam, developed 2004 to 2008, Version 1.1, 01/29/04: mistake in calculation of partial derivatives for thermal conductivity corrected

CONST rgaswater = 461.526 'gas constant in J/(kg K)
CONST tcwater = 647.096 'critical temperature in K
CONST pcwater = 220.64 'critical pressure in bar
CONST dcwater = 322# 'critical density in kg/m**3

start:
CLS
COLOR 2, 0
PRINT "Gross Plant Heat Rate and Net Plant Heat Rate"
PRINT "---------------------------------------------"

DIM m.dot
DIM genout
DIM delta.h
DIM eff
DIM aux.power

steam0:
INPUT "Steam Flow to Turbine (tph): "; m.dot
IF m.dot = 0 THEN
m.dot = 47.86945
LOCATE CSRLIN - 1: PRINT "Steam Flow to Turbine set to:"; m.dot; "tph"
END IF
IF m.dot < 0 THEN
LOCATE CSRLIN - 1: PRINT "Steam Flow to Turbine shall > 0, please input again"
PRINT
GOTO steam0
END IF
LOCATE CSRLIN - 1: PRINT "Steam Flow To Turbine set to:"; m.dot; "tph"

genout0:
INPUT "Generator Output (MW): "; genout
IF genout = 0 THEN
genout = 11.31
LOCATE CSRLIN - 1: PRINT "Generator Output set to: "; genout; "MW"
END IF
IF genout < 0 THEN
PRINT "genout shall > 0, please input again"
PRINT
GOTO genout0
END IF
LOCATE CSRLIN - 1: PRINT "Generator Output set to: "; genout; "MW"

inletTemperatureTurbine0:
INPUT "Temperature Inlet Turbine: (øC)"; TemperatureInletTurbine
IF TemperatureInletTurbine = 0 THEN
TemperatureInletTurbine = 470
LOCATE CSRLIN - 1: PRINT "Temperature Inlet Turbine set to: "; TemperatureInletTurbine; "øC"
END IF
IF TemperatureInletTurbine < 0 THEN
PRINT "Temperature Inlet Turbine shall > 0, please input again"
PRINT
GOTO inletTemperatureTurbine0
END IF
LOCATE CSRLIN - 1: PRINT "Temperature Inlet Turbine set to: "; TemperatureInletTurbine; "øC"

inletPressureTurbine0:
INPUT "Pressure Inlet Turbine: (bar)"; PressureInletTurbine
IF PressureInletTurbine = 0 THEN
PressureInletTurbine = 49
LOCATE CSRLIN - 1: PRINT "Pressure Inlet Turbine set to: "; PressureInletTurbine; "bar"
END IF
IF PressureInletTurbine < 0 THEN
PRINT "Pressure Inlet Turbine shall > 0, please input again"
PRINT
GOTO inletPressureTurbine0
END IF
LOCATE CSRLIN - 1: PRINT "Pressure Inlet Turbine set to: "; PressureInletTurbine; "bar"

inletTemperatureBoiler0:
INPUT "Temperature Inlet Boiler: (øC)"; TemperatureInletBoiler
IF TemperatureInletBoiler = 0 THEN
TemperatureInletBoiler = 150
LOCATE CSRLIN - 1: PRINT "Temperature Inlet Boiler set to: "; TemperatureInletBoiler; "øC"
END IF
IF TemperatureInletBoiler < 0 THEN
PRINT "Temperature Inlet Boiler shall > 0, please input again"
PRINT
GOTO inletTemperatureBoiler0
END IF
LOCATE CSRLIN - 1: PRINT "Temperature Inlet Boiler set to: "; TemperatureInletBoiler; "øC"

inletPressureBoiler0:
INPUT "Pressure Inlet Boiler: (bar)"; PressureInletBoiler
IF PressureInletBoiler = 0 THEN
PressureInletBoiler = 72
LOCATE CSRLIN - 1: PRINT "Pressure Inlet Boiler set to: "; PressureInletBoiler; "bar"
END IF
IF PressureInletBoiler < 0 THEN
PRINT "Pressure Inlet Boiler shall > 0, please input again"
PRINT
GOTO inletPressureBoiler0
END IF
LOCATE CSRLIN - 1: PRINT "Pressure Inlet Boiler set to: "; PressureInletBoiler; "bar"

delta0:
' INPUT "Delta H (kJ/kg): "; delta.h
' IF delta.h = 0 THEN
' delta.h = 2733
' LOCATE CSRLIN - 1: PRINT "Delta H set to: "; delta.h; "kJ/kg"
' END IF
' IF delta.h < 0 THEN
' PRINT "Delta H shall > 0, please input again"
' PRINT
' GOTO delta0
' END IF
' LOCATE CSRLIN - 1: PRINT "Delta H set to: "; delta.h; "kJ/kg"

hit = enthalpyW(TemperatureInletTurbine + 273.15, PressureInletTurbine)
hib = enthalpyW(TemperatureInletBoiler + 273.15, PressureInletBoiler)
delta.h = hit - hib

eff0:
INPUT "Efficiency Pipe(%): "; eff
IF eff = 0 THEN
eff = 99.5 '76.615
LOCATE CSRLIN - 1: PRINT "Efficiency Pipe set to: "; eff; "%"
END IF
IF eff < 0 THEN
PRINT "Efficiency Pipe shall > 0, please input again"
PRINT
GOTO eff0
END IF
LOCATE CSRLIN - 1: PRINT "Efficiency Pipe set to: "; eff; "%"

aux0:
INPUT "Auxiliary Power (%): "; aux.power
IF aux.power = 0 THEN
aux.power = 10.4832
LOCATE CSRLIN - 1: PRINT "Auxiliary Power set to: "; aux.power; "%"
END IF
IF aux.power < 0 THEN
PRINT "Auxiliary Power shall > 0, please input again"
PRINT
GOTO aux0
END IF
LOCATE CSRLIN - 1: PRINT "Auxiliary Power set to: "; aux.power; "%"

HHV0:
INPUT "HHV (kCal/kg): "; HHV
IF HHV = 0 THEN
HHV = 3909
LOCATE CSRLIN - 1: PRINT "HHV set to: "; HHV; "kCal/kg"
END IF
IF HHV < 0 THEN
PRINT "HHV shall > 0, please input again"
PRINT
GOTO HHV0
END IF
LOCATE CSRLIN - 1: PRINT "HHV set to: "; HHV; "kCal/kg"

eff1:
INPUT "Efficiency Boiler (%): "; eff1
IF eff1 = 0 THEN
eff1 = 77
LOCATE CSRLIN - 1: PRINT "Efficiency Boiler set to: "; eff1; "%"
END IF
IF eff1 < 0 THEN
PRINT "Efficiency Boiler shall > 0, please input again"
PRINT
GOTO eff1
END IF
LOCATE CSRLIN - 1: PRINT "Efficiency Boiler set to: "; eff1; "%"

qvap0:
INPUT "Pressure Outlet Turbine (bar): "; poutlet1
IF poutlet1 = 0 THEN
poutlet1 = .09
LOCATE CSRLIN - 1: PRINT "Pressure Outlet Turbine set to: "; poutlet1; "bar"
END IF
IF poutlet1 < 0 THEN
PRINT "Pressure Outlet Turbine shall > 0, please input again"
PRINT
GOTO qvap0
END IF
LOCATE CSRLIN - 1: PRINT "Pressure Outlet Turbine set to: "; poutlet1; "bar"

enthalpyOutletTurbine0:
INPUT "Enthalpy Outlet Turbine (kJ/kg): "; houtlet1
IF houtlet1 = 0 THEN
houtlet1 = 2384
LOCATE CSRLIN - 1: PRINT "Enthalpy Outlet Turbine set to: "; houtlet1; "kJ/kg"
END IF
IF poutlet1 < 0 THEN
PRINT "Enthalpy Outlet Turbine shall > 0, please input again"
PRINT
GOTO enthalpyOutletTurbine0
END IF
LOCATE CSRLIN - 1: PRINT "Enthalpy Outlet Turbine set to: "; houtlet1; "kJ/kg"

Windows 3.10

reminiscing about the glorious past, the golden age when computers were only 16 bits with very high performance. 286DX-386DX-486DX

The summary of the concept of god

The story of man and his invented god has begun side by side sharing the same environment. The human intellect was in its infancy. It was an era where the lack of knowledge, ignorance, and an assortment of human frailties had prevailed. Myths and legends tell us that in those days both gods and mankind were happy(!) about sharing the same environment, there were no problems.

But when humanity started leaving the age of myths and legends behind problems have started. This supposedly existing god is nowhere to be seen. He isn't heard. He supposedly has different shapes and forms, and sometimes no shape and form at all. As if this is not enough to create a confusion, some thinkers have claimed that god was nothingness. Some even went as far as claiming that god does not exist - at least in the sense that we understand the existence.

Human mind has decided that this god must move up to its befitting place in the sky. Another possible solution was separating the essence and the manifestation of god. Essence was beyond the reach of human intellect, but manifestations which are within the capacity of the human mind did show his existence. Did someone say existence?

• Where?
• Up there in the sky?
• All around the Universe in a diffused form?
• Since He created the universe, shouldn't He be outside this universe?
• Does he have a shape or form, or is he just pure thought, a projection of the human aspirations?
• Is he within the human beings?
• If he is, where?
• In the heart?
• In the head?
• In the brain?
• In the mind, in the shape of personal thoughts?
• Where?

---

SUMERIAN GODS (Part 2 of 2)

The Sumerian cosmogony was as follows:

There was the primeval ocean in the beginning (There is no information on its origin and how it came into being). This mother-sea produced the cosmic-mountain which was formed by the unseparated sky and Earth, An-Ki. Sky (An) was male and Earth (Ki) was female, the union of which has produced Enlil. Enlil has separated the sky and Earth. An took the sky. Enlil took his mother Ki (Earth). Union of Ki and Enlil established the basis for the ordered universe.

This union was the starting point and the source of man, animals, plants and the institution of civilization. The universe was created by the first cosmic gods: The creator gods, sky, Earth, air, water. Since the creator gods were the organizers of the Universe which they hold in their hands, the existence, development and survival of vast kingdoms have depended on them. This was the fundamental " truth of itself " for the Sumerians. These gods did not reveal themselves to the mortals. Each god was in charge of a different corner of the universe.

• Sumerians have invented the "kingdoms in the sky" with assorted supreme beings in charge of various things.

• Their universe was necessarily supervised, cared for, administered and controlled by living, anthropomorphic superior beings.

• Gods were invisible but they had their statues in the temples.

• Their gods were immortal but they needed food.

• They were thought of as very very powerful because they governed the universe.

• They were thought as immortals because their death may mean the loss of the order of the universe and consequently life may end.

• Gods in the Sumero-Babylonian creation stories were not creators in a transcendental sense, they were an integral part of the universe and a product of its creative process.

• Enki, the god of apsu-abzu (god of unfathomable deep) and also the god ofa wisdom was looking after earthly affairs working harmoniously with Enlil.

• Enlil was designing the general plan and Enki was carrying it out. (There is always a chief deity with surrounding lesser deities. Archangels have appeared around the chief deity

• Everything was tied to Enki"s creative effect. The judgment was "Enki did it" or "Enki did it and organized it so".

• Gods preferred morality to immorality.

• Sumerians have exalted the goodness, equity, candidness and honesty of gods.

• But at the same time Sumerians have believed that gods embedded in mankind equal amounts of evil, lie, cruelty and tyranny.

• Gods have invented "me"s. A "me" is a principle invented and signed by the gods with the aim of ensuring the trouble-free functioning of the Universe (This must be the origin of the present day concept of destiny).

• Gods had so many important things to do, they did not involve themselves in earthly matters. Man needed a mediator to make himself heard by gods. Hence consulting personal supreme overseers was widespread; these became protective angels connected to the leader of the family.

• Sacrifices and offerings were made to these deities in the temples called Ziggurats.

• Deities were believed to be organizing and controlling everything.

• The Sun-god Utu was an all-seeing supreme entity ensuring justice and equity, and helping mankind.

In later sources going back to 2500 B.C. Enlil playing the role of the chief deity. He has taken An's place. The oldest comprehensible documents describes him as the "father of gods", "king of sky and earth", "king of all countries".

Later myths and hymns tell that Enlil was a benevolent god who was responsible for the design and creation of the universe and also furnishing it with all the best things. He was the source of almost everything.

In the Sumerian tablets which were read and published since the 1930s hymns and myths present Enlil as a friendly and fatherly god who has safeguarded the security and well-being of mankind generally and Sumerians especially (The concept of "chosen people"?).

The underlined and highlighted sections will provide the inquisitive mind with the vital clues to the origins of the myths, legends, and the fundamental doctrines of the next belief systems.

SUMERIAN GODS (Part 1 of 2)

The first pantheon with a multitude of gods, which was also a source for the 'belief systems of the book' of the time was in Sumer. Here, the top place of the pantheon belonged the king-god, who was the head of the council of gods (This concept will show itself in the Sabian belief system as "rabb-el erbab", in the so called monotheistic "lord of hosts" and as the supreme council).

In the forefront of this council there were the four "creator" gods - An, Enlil, Enki and Ninhursag, and seven most eminent gods who were the "determiners of destinies", and then there were fifty "great gods".

All the supreme entities in Sumer have acted as they pleased. In order to know what a supreme overseer thought about a certain action, one had to go to the temple, make a sacrifice, pray and go to sleep (Many cultures kept this practice of praying and going to sleep, hoping to dream, which will be an indicator as to whether a certain action or an event would be beneficial or harmful).

Sumerian universe was called An-Ki (Sky-Earth). They called the sea surrounding the land Apsu-Abzu. Ki (Earth) was floating freely on this sea. The unseen canopy underneath the sea was considered to be an "opposite-sky" which covered the nether-world (hell) called kur. Lil, which is air, breath, spirit or wind was the third component. The Sumerian thinkers felt the need to explain the source of these cosmic components and to establish a lineage among them. The following are their conclusions:

• There should have been a beginning.
• The first thing that existed in the beginning was the endless primeval "mother-ocean" (Remember the concepts of the primeval sea in the "beginning"?).
• Sumerian thinkers have invented from this "mother-ocean" a first-cause, a "first-mover." (This is the origin of the concept of the prime mover-first cause in the "belief systems of the book").
• This "sea" (apsu-abzu), the first-cause, gave birth to the universe.
• An-Ki (sky-Earth god) was born.
• An-Ki has created the sky and the Earth.
• Enlil has separated the sky and Earth. Sky and Earth brought into being other gods.

Analisa termodinamika dan optimalisasi sistem produksi listrik dan panas (100%) PLTU 2x50MW

Analisa termodinamika dan optimalisasi sistem produksi listrik dan panas (100%) PLTU 2x50MW

State functions for water/steam calculations is: IAPWS Industrial Formulation 1997 (IAPWS-IF97) Thermodynamic analysis and optimization of systems for the production of electricity and heat base on TMCR TPRL15-20180612-RO1C

est GPHR: 2634.894824 kCal/kWH est NPHR: 3259.705921 kCal/kWH STHR aka NTHR aka HR: 2148.493239 kCal/kWH STHR aka NTHR aka HR: 8995.311494 kJ/kWH

The Easiest Way to get GPHR (gross plant heat rate) and NPHR (net plant heat rate)

Bedtime Fairy stories: free from worries or problems to get done with full awareness of the likely consequences GPHR and NPHR when doing Performance Test

or with a rough drawing made absentmindedly as follows:

Signalling Design

Old Signalling Design

Will Big Data Disappear?

Are you gathering and storing every bit of data you can, then utilizing artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning and data science to extract actionable insights?

With the constant flow of data from devices, controllers, historians, databases and industrial computers, it’s easy to amass too much data – and that can make the time to value (and the cost for storing) significant.

While Big Data has dominated the digital transformation discussion, there’s a different (and more manageable) approach: Smart Data.

Smart Data Management To extract the right data for the right insights:

First, identify the desired business outcomes from the data. Then, leverage the knowledge of domain experts to select the most likely data that drives these business outcomes. Finally, match the appropriate data processing and analytics to processing data for business value.

Make each product and every batch your best

Conformance is key

Are you struggling with quality and compliance challenges and need to improve productivity? If you rely on disparate systems and antiquated paper processes, you cannot guarantee consistent production quality.

When you tightly integrate automation and business-level quality management systems, you can:

• Collect and exchange data quickly to identify non-conformance issues before products leave your plant.
• Quickly alert people when quality checks are needed.
• Initiate additional quality sampling and corrective action plans for a failed check.
• Potentially salvage products still on the line, and provide plant and operations managers with insight into the total number of completed, suspected and wasted product.