Who needs supremacy? What purpose does it serve?

Any faith in its simple form is pure. Faith should be between the believer and the central character of that 'belief'. But when a human clockwork mechanism is built around the faith for a variety of reasons, a different body enters the stage. This body operates efficiently, relentlessly and ruthlessly. It is called the belief system, which occupies the minds, influences the way we act , and almost dictates the lives of each and everyone of us. It creates debate at best, and misunderstanding and conflict at worst. It costs lives. Of whom? Of its creators and servants. Why do you think they give and take lives? For supremacy and immortality of course!

Who needs supremacy?

What purpose does it serve?

Supremacy serves the inherent instincts of the animal inside us. Bending and breaking someone caters for the eternal hunger for personal power and feed the flames of being superior to someone; Superior like the unspeakable.

If change is the only absolute reality and universe is in constant change how can you afford to stay put? How can you challenge the universe which brought you into existence, the universe which in fact is you on a majestic scale?

2x100 MW CFSPP

Small Scale CFSPP Load Flow Analysis

In this study, a graphical single-line diagram (SLD) was constructed to represent the electrical network of a small-scale Coal-Fired Steam Power Plant (CFSPP). The diagram integrates both overhead and underground cable systems, allowing comprehensive modeling of the entire distribution network.

The analysis scope included:

• Load Flow Calculation – Determining active and reactive power distribution across the system, identifying voltage drops, and assessing network efficiency.
• Short-Circuit Analysis – Evaluating fault currents for various fault scenarios to ensure protective devices operate within safe limits.
• Motor Starting Studies – Assessing voltage dips and system stability during large motor energization.
• Transient Stability Simulation – Examining system response under dynamic disturbances.
• Protective Device Coordination – Verifying settings to ensure selective and reliable fault clearance.
• Cable Derating Assessment – Applying temperature, grouping, and installation condition corrections to cable ampacity.

All circuit element properties—including transformers, circuit breakers, cables, and loads—were directly editable from the single-line diagram or underground raceway interface. This streamlined design allowed real-time calculation results to be displayed on the diagram itself, providing immediate visual feedback for engineering decisions.

Interpretation of Load Flow Results

The single-line diagram reflects real-time electrical parameters at each major node in the system, allowing direct insight into the operational performance:

1. High Voltage Bus (HV Bus) – 70 kV, 1600 A, 31.5 kA
   • Acts as the main distribution backbone for the plant.
   • Load flow shows 99.7% efficiency, meaning voltage drop is minimal.
   • Reactive power compensation is visible with kvar values near zero balance.
2. Step-Up Transformer (7.2 kV → 70 kV) –
   • Responsible for transmitting generator output to the HV grid.
   • Load at secondary side: ~9940 kW, 6160 kvar.
   • Transformer loading is within safe operating range.
3. Generation Unit – 12 MW nominal capacity
   • Actual load recorded: ~11310 kW (≈94% of nominal).
   • Reactive power demand: 7998 kvar, managed by system capacitors.
   • Generator operates at ~99.9% voltage regulation, indicating stable excitation control.
4. Auxiliary Transformer (UAT) – 1121 kVA
   • Supplies plant auxiliary loads (lighting, pumps, control systems).
   • Efficiency ~99.8%, minimal losses.
5. Bus and Feeder Segments –
   • Each segment annotated with MVA, MW, and Mvar readings, plus efficiency %.
   • Any percentage <98% would be a red flag for excessive voltage drop or line loss.
   • In this case, all readings are ≥99.7%, meaning system is well-balanced.

Key Findings

• The system is optimally designed for its load profile, with high efficiency across all buses.
• Reactive power flow is well-managed; kvar values are within compensable limits, reducing the risk of low power factor penalties.
• Cable loading and bus voltages confirm that no part of the network is overstressed.
• The single-line diagram doubles as a live dashboard—both a documentation and monitoring tool.

Software Data Conversion Techniques

One of the great advantages of a digital computer, when used in the application of instrumentation and control (I & C), is the ability to replace routine software (programming) for hardware logic. This becomes very interesting if the software logic can be done in time to death on the computer. Many computers will Loaf with doing little or nothing most of the time. With skillful manipulation of interrupts and the right programming, I can often adjust computer to perform logical operations that should be a hardware problem.

Software approach is also sometimes more efficient than hardware.I can change the program at will by reprogramming the memory (ROM) chip is read-only. To make major changes in hardware requires a bit more effort, including the possibility of redesigning the printed circuit board (PCB) and the chassis wiring scheme. I also get the flexibility to have "universal machine" of a computer.

I could make a standard single-board computer or a universal system board mating with a common motherboard that will be used in a variety of different projects. Some companies make single-board computer based on the popular microprocessors. This board has some limited RAM and usually around 2K bytes of ROM on board.

By using the data, address, and the I/O buses, the designer can press into service the same board in a dozen different applications. The same computer board, loaded with different programs in ROM, will perform different functions.

"Microcomputer Interfacing Handbook: A/D & D/A" by Joseph J.Carr, first edition 1980, chapter 16th

Handbook of Microcomputer Interfacing: A/D & D/A

One of my old collection: the book "Microcomputer Interfacing Handbook: A/D & D/A" by Joseph J.Carr, first edition 1980. I was surprised that the book is still in one of my bookshelves and in excellent condition.

Hardcover: 350 pages
Publisher: Tab Books; 1st edition (1980)
Language: English
ISBN: 0-8306-9704-7
ISBN: 0-8306-1271-8 (pbk.)
Product Dimensions: 8.3 x 5 x 1.2 inches

CBTC in different Perspectives

A CBTC system is a "continuous, automatic train control system utilizing high-resolution train location determination, independent from track circuits; continuous, high-capacity, bidirectional train-to-wayside data communications; and trainborne and wayside processors capable of implementing Automatic Train Protection (ATP) functions, as well as optional Automatic Train Operation (ATO) and Automatic Train Supervision (ATS) functions."

The Thermodynamic analysis on small scale coal-fired steam power plant using visual basic

Thermodynamic Analysis on a Small-Scale Coal-Fired Steam Power Plant (Visual Basic Implementation)

“The universe cannot be read until we have learned the language… It is written in mathematical language, and the letters are triangles, circles and other geometrical figures… Without these, one is wandering about in a dark labyrinth.”
— Galileo Galilei (1564–1642)

Overview
This note documents a compact Visual Basic application I built to perform thermodynamic performance analysis and simple optimization for a small-scale coal-fired steam power plant (CFSPP). The goal: provide engineers with a fast, transparent calculator that mirrors the way we think in a single-line heat-balance diagram, not a black box.

Model and Methods

1. Working fluid: water/steam properties from IAPWS-IF97 (Industrial Formulation, 1997).
2. Cycle blocks: boiler, superheater, HP/LP turbines, reheater (optional), deaerator, condensate and feedwater heaters, condenser, and auxiliary drives.
3. Core calculations: enthalpy/entropy states, mass & energy balances, component efficiencies (η_boiler, η_turbine_HP/LP, η_generator, η_pumps, η_pipe), and steam-flow splits.
4. KPIs reported:
• Gross / Net Power (kW)
• Heat Rate – GPHR/NPHR (kCal/kWh)
• Coal Specific Consumption (kg/kWh)
• Cycle efficiency (thermal and net)
• Major loss accounting (stack, condenser, unaccounted)

Input/Output Design

• Inputs (left panel): pressures, temperatures, extraction fractions, isentropic efficiencies, auxiliary loads, and assumed losses.
• Outputs (right panel): steam flows per branch (t/h), node enthalpies (kJ/kg), bus-level power, and performance KPIs.
• Results are rendered back onto the diagram so each edit shows an immediate thermodynamic consequence.

Why Visual Basic?

• Lightweight, fast to deploy on older Windows workstations in plants.
• GUI-first; operators/engineers can type, run, and see without scripting.
• Easy to lock assumptions and export snapshots for MoM/commissioning records.

Validation and Use

• Property calls checked against IF97 tables; cycle results cross-checked with vendor heat balances and plant DCS snapshots.
• Typical deviations: ±0.5–1.5% on key KPIs when inputs are aligned (measurement uncertainty dominates).

What It’s Good For

• Quick what-if studies: turbine efficiency drift, condenser back-pressure rise, auxiliary load spikes.
• Operator training: link a number change to a physical effect on the heat balance.
• Pre-audit before deeper load-flow or CFD work.

Limitations

• Lumped-parameter cycle (no detailed fouling/part-load curves unless supplied).
• No combustion chemistry breakdown beyond assumed boiler efficiency.
• Not a relay-level protection or dynamic stability tool—thermo balance first, transients second.

Closing
In Galileo’s spirit, this tool treats the plant as a geometric and numerical language—nodes, lines, and balances. Read the cycle in that language, and the labyrinth becomes a map.

(IAPWS-IF97 referenced; original VB build © 2010–2014.)

Steady-state process simulation for Heaters

The god were anthropomorphic (human-like) in the beginning

Because mankind had no model but their own bodies, as to what the bodies of their imaginary supreme entities would look like. In the later epochs, closer to our era, the supreme overseers have come to be visualized as entities which are unseen, unheard, incomprehensible, distant, and omnipotent, because human reasoning in the meantime has started questioning the idea of an unseen, anthropomorphic, and at the same time an abstract god living amongst his subjects.

An imaginary divine realm up there as the abode of these invented beings was a face saving solution for the inventors (human beings): These supreme entities could not be not seen or heard because they don't share the same physical environment with the mankind, and they only communicate via the persons they choose. I call these intermediaries interfaces and/or modems, who are known by the populace as messengers or prophets. That's all there is to it.

System Logging and Debug Information

System log messages and debug messages can provide valuable information for in-depth troubleshooting of the system. Some considerations for their use are provided here:

1. Logging to local buffer and to the syslog server can be used. Sufficient buffer size should be used to avoid overwriting of messages.

2. Timestamps with millisecond accuracy should be enabled for analysis and correlation of events. NTP (Network Time Protocol) infrastructure is needed to keep the common clock between devices. In absence of NTP, system uptime format can be used as local reference.

3. Severity level “Notification” is recommended for normal syslog operation. More detailed levels can be enabled on demand.

4. Enabling debug commands on the Access Point or Workgroup Bridge can severely impact performance and disrupt the data traffic. In some cases, rebooting the Access Point is required. Debugging level should only be used by tech support during troubleshooting, and not to be left on during the normal operation.

5. Detailed information for technical support can be obtained via web interface or Command Line Interface as a text file. It is recommended to keep a baseline copy of this information for each device.

Thermodynamic analysis and optimization of CFSPP 1x15MW systems for the production of heat and electricity

1. Thermal Efficiency
   Gross = 29.78%
   Net = 26.80 %
   
2. GPHR = 2887.227520 kCal/kWH
3. NPHR = 3208.018609 kCal/kWH

Calculation Design For 2x15 MW CFSPP