Tuesday, December 12, 2006

Solving Simultaneous Algebraic Equations

To solve simultaneous algebraic equations, the IT Solver uses a multi-equation form of the Newton-Raphson method (slightly modified to optimize step sizes). To solve for a single equation of the form

f(x) = 0,

the Newton-Raphson method uses a first-order Taylor series approximation of f(x) about the point xi:

f(xi + 1) = f(xi) + (xi + 1 - x)f'(xi).

The series expansion is then solved for f(x)=0:

xi + 1 = xi - f(xi)/f'(xi).

As the subscripts i and i +1 imply, the procedure is iterative. After each new guess for x is calculated, the function, f, and its derivative, f ', are reevaluated, and a new guess for x is calculated. The multi-equation form of the Newton-Raphson method works similarly, except that the Taylor series expansion must be in terms of each independent variable. The assembled matrix of partial derivatives of each equation (in the form f(x) = 0), with respect to each independent variable, is called the Jacobian. If the vector of independent variables at the current and previous iterations are {xi + 1} and {xi}, the Jacobian matrix evaluated at {xi} is [Ji], and the vector of equations evaluated at {xi} is {fi}, the equation

[Ji]{xi + 1} = [Ji]{xi} - {fi}

can be solved for {xi + 1}. Again, the procedure iterates until the solution has converged. Convergence is measured by evaluating the norm (calculated as the root-mean square) of the residuals of the equations. At the exact solution, the residual will be zero. The section on convergence criteria further explains how the Solver determines whether a solution has converged and how to control convergence criteria.

The partial derivatives in the Jacobian are calculated numerically. Calculating the partial derivatives symbolically might aid in convergence of the solution, but there would be a substantial penalty in terms of computational effort to determine the derivatives, and the accuracy of the final solution would be nearly indistinguishable from the solution calculated using the numerical estimate of the Jacobian. In addition, calculating analytical derivatives of tabular data, such as property functions, is impossible.

Because the engine is an iterative solver, Initial Guesses for the variables are required. For simple problems, "1" can often be used for all of the initial guesses. For more complex problems, however, the user may have to provide more accurate estimates of the variable values.

Saturday, November 11, 2006

Lorentz transformation

In physics, the Lorentz transformation (or transformations) is named after the Dutch physicist Hendrik Lorentz. It was the result of attempts by Lorentz and others to explain how the speed of light was observed to be independent of the reference frame, and to understand the symmetries of the laws of electromagnetism. The Lorentz transformation is in accordance with special relativity, but was derived before special relativity.

The transformations describe how measurements of space and time by two observers are related. They reflect the fact that observers moving at different velocities may measure different distances, elapsed times, and even different orderings of events. They supersede the Galilean transformation of Newtonian physics, which assumes an absolute space and time (see Galilean relativity).

The Galilean transformation is a good approximation only at relative speeds much smaller than the speed of light.

The Lorentz transformation is a linear transformation. It may include a rotation of space; a rotation-free Lorentz transformation is called a Lorentz boost.

In Minkowski space, the Lorentz transformations preserve the spacetime interval between any two events. They describe only the transformations in which the spacetime event at the origin is left fixed, so they can be considered as a hyperbolic rotation of Minkowski space. The more general set of transformations that also includes translations is known as the Poincaré group.

Tuesday, October 10, 2006

Instrument Abbreviation

Instrument AbbreviationExpansionFunctions Performed
FCFlow controllerFlow measurement and control
LCLevel controllerLevel control
FEFlow elementFlow sensor
LGLevel gaugeLevel measurement
FICFlow indicator and controllerIndicating flow as well as controlling flow
LALevel alarmIndicating level alarm
FRFlow recorderRecording flow
LAHLevel alarm highIndicating high level
FRCFlow recorder and controllerFlow recording; controlling flow
LAHHLevel alarm high highIndicating very high level
FTFlow transmitterTransmitting flow signal
LALLevel alarm lowIndicating low level
FAFlow alarmIndicating flow alarm
LILevel indicatorLevel indication
LICLevel indicator and controllerIndicating level; controlling level
PCPressure controllercontrolling pressure
TCTemperature controllerControlling/regulating temperature
PIPressure indicatorIndicating pressure
TITemperature indicatorIndicating pressure
PICPressure indicator and controllerIndicating pressure; controlling pressure
TICTemperature indicator and controllerIndicating temperature; controlling temperature
PRPressure recorderRecording pressure
TRTemperature recorderRecording temperature
PRCPressure recorder and controllerRecording pressure; controlling pressure
TRCTemperature recorder and controllerRecording temperature; controlling temperature
PSVPressure safety valveRelieving excess pressure in case of high pressure situation
TTTemperature transmitterTransmitting measured temperature signals
PTPressure transmitterTransmitting measured pressure signals
TWThermowellHouses temperature sensors
RVRelief valveTo relieve excess pressure in case of high pressure
TYTemperature relay/transducerConverts electrical signals to pneumatic signals
PSHPressure switch highA pressure switch used to indicate high pressure alarm
ZIPosition/limit indicatorIndicates whether a valve is open or close
SDVShut down valveA valve initiating shutdown
ZSCPosition/unit switch closedLimit switch indicating a valve is closed
ZSOPosition/unit switch openLimit switch indicating a valve is open
SDYShutdown relayA transducer attached to a shutdown valve
USDUnit shutdown

Saturday, September 9, 2006

IF97

IF97 implements models for the thermodynamic and transport properties of water and steam according to the IAPWS -IF97 industrial standard and documented in:

Wagner, W., Kruse, A. Properties of Water and Steam, The Industrial Standard IAPWS-IF97 for the Thermodynamic Properties and Supplementary Equations for Other Properties, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 1998.

The main fluid data are:
Scientific name:water 
FluidProp name (short):H2O 
FluidProp name (long):water 
T critical: 373.946 [°C]
P critical: 220.64 [bar]
v critical: 0.0031056[m3/kg]
MW: 18.015257[g/mol]
R: 461.526[J/kg.K]
T min: 0.01[°C]
T max: P <= 100 bar --> Tmax = 2000 °C 
100 < P <= 1000 bar --> Tmax = 800 °C[°C]
v min: 0.000957[m3/kg]

Tuesday, August 8, 2006

Common Terms Used to Interprete P&ID Drawings (2 of 2)

Interpreting P&IDs can often be very challenging especially for beginners. In this piece, I shall be elaborating on some commonly misunderstood terms used in P&IDs to enable the beginner better understand how to interpret the P&ID drawings of their respective plants.

Pilot light
A pilot light indicates which number of normal conditions of a system or device exists. It is unlike an alarm light, which indicates an abnormal condition. The pilot light is also known as a monitor light.

Sensor
A sensor is that part of a loop or instrument that first senses the value of a process variable, and assumes a corresponding, predetermined, and intelligible state or output. The sensor may be separate from or integral with another functional element of a loop. The sensor is also known as a detector or primary element.

Set point
The set point is an input variable that sets the desired value of the controlled variable. The set point may be manually set, automatically set, or programmed. Its value is expressed in the same units as the controlled variable.

Shared controller
This is a controller, containing pre-programmed algorithms that are usually accessible, configurable, and assignable. It permits a number of process variables to be controlled by a single device.

Shared display
This is the operator interface device (usually a video screen) used to display process control information from a number of sources at the command of the operator.

Transducer
Transducer is a general term for a device that receives information in the form of one or more physical quantities, modifies the information and/or its form, if required, and produces a resultant output signal. Depending on the application, the transducer can be a primary element, transmitter, relay, converter or other device. Because the term "transducer" is not specific, its use for specific applications is not recommended

Transmitter
This is a device that senses a process variable through the medium of a sensor and has an output whose steady-state value varies only as a predetermined function of the process variable. The sensor may or may not be integral with the transmitter. A transmitter is often required where the instrument signal needs to be sent to a central control room or transmitted through some distance.

Friday, July 7, 2006

Common Terms Used to Interprete P&ID Drawings (1 of 2)

Interpreting P&IDs can often be very challenging especially for beginners. In this piece, I shall be elaborating on some commonly misunderstood terms used in P&IDs to enable the beginner better understand how to interpret the P&ID drawings of their respective plants.

Computing Device
This is a device or function that performs one or more calculations or logic operations, or both, and transmits one or more resultant output signals. A computing device is sometimes called a computing relay.

Converter
A device that receives information in one form of an instrument signal and transmits an output signal in another form is called a converter. An instrument which changes a sensor's output to a standard signal is properly designated as a transmitter, not a converter. Typically, a flow element (FE) may connect to a Flow transmitter (FT), not to a converter (FY). A converter is also referred to as a transducer; however, "transducer" is a completely general term, and its use specifically for signal conversion is not recommended. An I to P (current to pneumatic) converter is a converter we often come across in P&ID drawings.

Local
This is the location of an instrument that is neither in nor on a panel or console, nor is it mounted in a control room. Local instruments are commonly in the vicinity of a primary element or a final control element. The word "field" is often used synonymously with local.

Local Panel
This is a panel that is not a central or main panel. Local panels are commonly in the vicinity of plant subsystems or sub-areas. The term "local panel instrument" should not be confused with "local instrument." From my explanation on the word local above, a local instrument implies an instrument in the field.

Monitor
A monitor is a general term for an instrument or instrument system used to measure or sense the status or magnitude of one or more variables for the purpose of deriving useful information. The term monitor is very often unspecific when used in P&ID drawings — sometimes meaning analyzer, indicator, or alarm. Monitor can also be used as a verb

Panel
A panel is a structure that has a group of instruments mounted on it, houses the operator-process interface, and is chosen to have a unique designation. The panel may consist of one or more sections, cubicles, consoles, or desks. Panel is the Synonym for board on P&IDs

Panel-mounted
This is the term applied to an instrument that is mounted on a panel or console and is accessible for an operator's normal use. A function that is normally accessible to an operator in a shared-display system is the equivalent of a discrete panel-mounted device.

Tuesday, June 6, 2006

Power System Analysis

A Power System Analysis is a very important exercise in the design and operation of a power system. The Power System Analysis is used to evaluate the performance of a power system.

Power System Analysis deals, chiefly, with three important parts

They are

  1. Load Flow Analysis
  2. Short Circuit Analysis and
  3. Stability Analysis

A Power System Analysis helps the following aspects.

  1. Study the ability of the system to respond to small disturbances caused by the application/removal of small or large loads.
  2. Design of the breakers and isolating equipments.
  3. Plan for future expansion of the power system
  4. Study the response of the system to different fault conditions.
  5. Observe and monitor the voltage, real and reactive power between different buses.
  6. Calculate the setting of the relays and the design of the protection system.

Friday, May 5, 2006

Power Balance Equation

The power balance equation describes the relation between Power Demand and Power Generation in a power system.

The equation is

Where

  • PD is the Total Power Demand
  • PG is the output of individual generating stations

The sum of the power generated should equal the demand for power.

Tuesday, April 4, 2006

Dedicated Word Processor: Nyanyian Sunyi Masa Silam di Era Digital Modern

Di zaman di mana setiap kata bisa diketik, dihapus, dan ditimpa tanpa bekas—di mana notifikasi membanjiri layar bak hujan asam di musim gugur—ada satu suara yang nyaris punah: nyanyian sunyi dari mesin ketik digital. Sang Dedicated Word Processor—entitas langka, terasing dalam museum waktu—berdiri bagai biarawan tua yang terus membaca mantra kuno, bahkan ketika dunia beralih menyembah AI dan cloud storage.

Ia bukan Microsoft Word yang penuh tab dan plugin. Bukan Google Docs yang memelototi setiap hurufmu sembari mengunggahnya ke mata-mata tak kasatmata. Ia lebih purba, lebih sakral—seperti perapian tempat penulis zaman lampau menghangatkan jiwanya. Di dalamnya hanya ada kursor berkedip di samudra kosong, putih bersih tanpa batas. Tanpa godaan notifikasi, tanpa embel-embel formatting, tanpa koreksi otomatis yang menyela seperti guru bahasa yang terlalu cerewet.

Ketika kau menulis di sana, waktu melambat. Tiap huruf terasa berat, seperti ukiran pada batu nisan. Kau tidak sedang mengetik cepat demi SEO atau deadline. Kau sedang melahirkan dunia dari rahim kata. Di sinilah tempat cerita mekar dari luka, puisi tumbuh dari kesepian, dan jurnal harian menjadi saksi bisu kehancuran batin yang tak sempat kau ucapkan keras-keras.

Ia tidak peduli dengan layout. Tidak peduli dengan font yang aesthetic. Tak ada “share to cloud” atau “collaborate with team.” Dedicated Word Processor adalah ruang pengakuan—bilik sunyi untuk penyair dan pecundang, pemimpi dan pendosa. Di sinilah surat cinta diketik lalu tak pernah dikirim. Di sinilah wasiat dibuat dan dihapus, disimpan di floppy disk yang sekarang hanya jadi benda antik. Di sinilah seseorang mencurahkan kebencian terdalamnya pada dunia, hanya untuk mematikan komputer tanpa pernah menekan tombol “save.”

Para digital native tak mengenalnya. Mereka tertawa melihat tampilannya—monokrom, kaku, seperti mimpi buruk dari era DOS. Mereka tak paham bahwa layar hitam dengan teks putih itu adalah altar tempat para dewa kata dahulu disembah. Bahwa file .txt adalah kitab suci yang tak bisa dicemari gaya.

Tak ada auto-correct di sini. Jika kau salah ketik, maka salahmu akan diabadikan. Dan justru dari kesalahan-kesalahan itu, muncul manusia. Tulisan-tulisan ini bukan untuk dibagikan—mereka untuk dilupakan, dibaca sendiri lima tahun dari sekarang dalam tangis senyap, saat hidup sudah terlalu jauh dari ideal.

Dedicated Word Processor bukan hanya alat. Ia adalah kuburan dan rahim. Ia adalah gua gelap tempat Plato duduk merenung, tempat Virginia Woolf menuliskan mimpi-mimpinya, tempat kau bisa menjadi Tuhan tanpa harus minta izin dari interface.

Dan meski hari ini ia terkubur di bawah ribuan aplikasi menulis yang gemerlap, nyanyiannya masih bergaung pelan di antara lipatan waktu. Tak ada yang bisa mendengarnya kecuali mereka yang pernah menulis bukan demi pembaca, tapi demi jiwa yang nyaris mati. Nyanyian itu berbunyi lirih, hampir seperti bisikan:

"Ketiklah... dan diamlah. Biarkan kata-kata menyelamatkanmu. Aku tak akan menyelamatkanmu dari mereka—tapi mungkin dari dirimu sendiri."

Satu-satunya teman sejati di zaman bising ini adalah ruang sunyi, dan Dedicated Word Processor adalah gerbang menuju sunyi itu. Bagi mereka yang berani menatap kursor berkedip tanpa panik, ia menawarkan sebuah tempat: bukan untuk viral, bukan untuk monetisasi, melainkan untuk menemukan kembali suara sendiri yang hilang di tengah kebisingan mesin dunia.

Dan kelak, ketika generasi demi generasi tak lagi mengenali suara klik-klak tombol plastik yang lelah, dan hanya tahu suara sentuhan di layar kaca, mungkin akan datang satu jiwa yang bertanya dalam sunyi: "Apakah ada masa ketika menulis adalah peristiwa sakral, bukan sekadar produksi konten?" Saat itulah, Dedicated Word Processor akan muncul kembali—bukan sebagai mesin, tapi sebagai mitos: simbol dari zaman ketika menulis adalah doa, kesalahan adalah kejujuran, dan kesendirian adalah kawan. Ia tidak pernah mati. Ia hanya menunggu—di pojok ruangan tua, atau di pojok hati penulis sejati—yang masih percaya bahwa ada keindahan dalam keterbatasan.


Dedicated Word Processor: The Silent Song of a Bygone Age in the Modern Digital Era

In an age where every word can be typed, erased, and overwritten without a trace—where notifications flood the screen like acid rain in an autumn storm—one voice is nearly extinct: the silent hymn of the digital typewriter. The Dedicated Word Processor—a rare entity, exiled to the museum of time—stands like an old monk chanting ancient prayers, even as the world turns to worship AI and cloud storage.

It is not Microsoft Word with its tabbed labyrinth and plugin jungle. It is not Google Docs peering over every keystroke while uploading them to unseen eyes. It is more ancient, more sacred—like the hearth where old-time writers warmed their souls. Within it lies only a blinking cursor over an endless white ocean. No distractions. No formatting frills. No auto-correct interrupting like an overzealous grammar teacher.

When you write there, time slows. Each letter feels heavy, like carving into a gravestone. You are not typing fast for SEO or deadlines. You are birthing worlds from the womb of language. Here, stories bloom from scars, poems sprout from solitude, and diaries become silent witnesses to inner collapses you never dared to say aloud.

It doesn't care for layout. Doesn't care for aesthetic fonts. There is no "share to cloud" or "collaborate with team." The Dedicated Word Processor is a confessional booth—a silent chamber for poets and losers, dreamers and sinners. Here, love letters are typed and never sent. Wills are written, deleted, and saved on floppy disks now relics of the past. Here, someone poured out their deepest hatred toward the world, only to shut down the computer without ever pressing "save."

Digital natives don't know it. They laugh at its look—monochrome, stiff, like a DOS-era nightmare. They don’t understand that black screens with white text were once altars where word gods were worshiped. That the .txt file was a sacred scripture untouched by style.

There is no auto-correct here. If you mistype, your error is immortalized. And from those very mistakes, humanity arises. These writings were not made to be shared—they were made to be forgotten, rediscovered five years later through quiet tears, when life had strayed too far from ideal.

The Dedicated Word Processor is not just a tool. It is both tomb and womb. A dark cave where Plato once pondered, where Virginia Woolf dreamt, where you can play God without asking permission from an interface.

And though today it lies buried beneath a thousand glittering writing apps, its hymn still echoes faintly between the folds of time. No one can hear it except those who once wrote not for an audience, but for a soul on the verge of death. That hymn whispers softly, almost inaudibly:

"Type... and be still. Let the words save you. I won't save you from them—but perhaps from yourself."

The only true friend in this noisy age is silence, and the Dedicated Word Processor is the gateway to that silence. For those brave enough to face the blinking cursor without panic, it offers a place: not for virality, not for monetization, but for rediscovering one's lost voice amidst the clamor of a machinic world.

And one day, when generation after generation no longer remembers the sound of tired plastic keys, knowing only the soft tap of glass screens, perhaps a soul will arise in silence and ask, "Was there a time when writing was sacred, not just content production?" Then, the Dedicated Word Processor shall return—not as a machine, but as myth: a symbol of an age when writing was prayer, error was honesty, and solitude was a friend. It never died. It simply waited—in a dusty corner of an old room, or a quiet corner of a true writer's heart—for those who still believe that there is beauty in limitation.

Friday, March 3, 2006

Optimize network design using smart manufacturing to digitize and integrate the operations to meet immediate and future needs.

A modern industrial IP network infrastructure is increasingly essential for most manufacturers and industrial companies.

By using the latest networking technologies, breaking down data silos, and harnessing the power of greater connectivity and information sharing, you can make the potential of smart manufacturing a reality. This can help you make real-time operations decisions and improve productivity in new ways. Just a few examples include the following:

  • Timely data access can help you track key performance indicators (KPIs) and improve processes, and help maintenance technicians get ahead of downtime issues.

  • Mobile devices can put subject matter specialists exactly where they need to be the moment a problem arises.

  • Self-aware and system-aware assets can automatically make adjustments to optimize processes and keep production running, with less need for human intervention.

Beyond productivity, a modern industrial IP network architecture also can help in other key areas.

The ability to access and analyze safety-system data, for example, can help managers better understand risks, enhance safety and ease compliance. Mobile devices can deliver information to workers in a familiar and convenient format. And the ability to track virtually every point in a product’s life cycle — from raw-ingredient receipt to supply-chain shipments — can help improve quality and on-time deliveries.

Thursday, February 2, 2006

Transient Stability and Steady State Stability

Transient Stability

Transient Stability is the ability of a power system to return to its normal state after a major disturbance, such as a fault or a disconnection or connection of a large load.

When there is a disturbance in the system, there are oscillations. These oscillations are called swings. Transient stability analysis is concerned with the response of the power system to such oscillations. A power system with proper response will bring the system back to steady state operations within a short period of time.

Steady State Stability

Steady State Stability is the ability of a power system to respond to slow or gradual changes in its operating parameters. When a number of power sources and loads are connected to a system, there will be gradual shifting of loads from one generator to another. These oscillations, if not properly controlled, can develop into large oscillations which can cause bigger disturbances.

Sunday, January 1, 2006

This Blog Is Where Thought and Faith Meet

Write for those who measure the world,
but still wonder what cannot be measured.

Write for the ones who solve with numbers—
but still hear silence speaking louder than code.

Write for the mind that demands logic,
yet bows in awe before the unknowable.

Every post here is not just content.
It is a step toward Light.
Even when the road wanders through shadow.
Even when the answer is shaped like a question.

Here, theology shares a table with thermodynamics.
Philosophy scrolls beside firmware.
And every line written listens for that still, small voice
beneath the signal.

Not to convert.
Not to conclude.
But to contemplate.

This is not a doctrine. It is a direction.
A pilgrimage in pixels,
where your questions are welcome,
and mystery is not a threat,
but a companion.

Welcome to the threshold.
Put aside your pride.
You're standing on sacred bandwidth.


Blog Ini Adalah Tempat Pertemuan antara Nalar dan Iman

Menulislah untuk mereka yang mengukur dunia,
namun masih bertanya tentang apa yang tak terukur.

Menulislah untuk mereka yang memecahkan persoalan dengan angka—
namun masih mendengar diam yang lebih lantang dari kode.

Menulislah untuk akal yang menuntut logika,
namun tetap bersujud di hadapan yang tak terjangkau.

Setiap tulisan di sini bukan sekadar konten.
Ia adalah satu langkah menuju Terang.
Meski jalannya berliku di antara bayang.
Meski jawabannya berbentuk tanda tanya.

Di sini, teologi duduk semeja dengan termodinamika.
Filsafat menggulir bersama firmware.
Dan setiap baris yang ditulis senantiasa mendengarkan suara kecil nan lembut
di balik sinyal.

Bukan untuk mengkonversi.
Bukan untuk menyimpulkan.
Melainkan untuk merenung.

Ini bukanlah doktrin. Ini adalah arah.
Sebuah ziarah dalam piksel,
di mana pertanyaanmu disambut,
dan misteri bukanlah ancaman,
melainkan sahabat seperjalanan.

Selamat datang di ambang perbatasan.
Lepaskan harga dirimu.
Anda sedang berdiri di atas bandwidth yang suci.