The Easiest Way to get GPHR (gross plant heat rate) and NPHR (net plant heat rate)

Bedtime Fairy stories: free from worries or problems to get done with full awareness of the likely consequences GPHR and NPHR when doing Performance Test

or with a rough drawing made absentmindedly as follows:

LIGHT RAIL VEHICLE DESIGN CHARACTERISTICS - LRV Bumpers

A key feature of many modern LRVs is a front end bumper that is designed around crash energy management principles. The bumper typically extends from a few inches above the rails to the floor level of the LRV. The bumper is designed to rotate upward, revealing the LRV coupler. The coupler itself, which traditionally extended out an appreciable distance beyond the front of the LRV, is now hinged and can be folded back behind the closed bumper. The bumper conceals the traditional anticlimber as well as the coupler, but is not primarily intended to be merely cosmetic.

Because of the crash energy management (CEM) design, in the event of a collision, the bumper actually minimizes damage to any motor vehicles. It also makes it far less likely that an automobile would become wedged beneath the front of an LRV. Similarly, the bumper makes it more likely that a struck pedestrian will be pushed aside instead of being pulled beneath the front of the LRV. As of 2011, bumpers are not universal on new light rail vehicles, but it seems likely that they will become a common feature for any LRVs that have extensive operations in public streets.